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Soil seed bank
The soil seed bank is the natural storage of seeds, often dormant, within the soil of most ecosystems.〔(Iowa State University: College of Agriculture and Life Science: Soil Seed Bank )〕 The study of soil seed banks started in 1859 when Charles Darwin observed the emergence of seedlings using soil samples from the bottom of a lake. The first scientific paper on the subject was published in 1882 and reported on the occurrence of seeds at different soil depths.〔( P.J. Christoffoleti; R.S.X. Caetano 1998. Soil seed banks Scientia Agricola: 55: 74-78. )〕 Weed seed banks have been studied intensely in agricultural science because of their important economic impacts; other fields interested in soil seed banks include forest regeneration and restoration ecology.
== Background ==
Many taxa have been classified according to the longevity of their seeds in the soil seed bank. Seeds of ''transient'' species remain viable in the soil seed bank only to the next opportunity to germinate, while seeds of ''persistent'' species can survive longer than the next opportunity—often much longer than one year. Species with seeds that remain viable in the soil longer than five years form the ''long-term'' persistent seed bank, while species whose seeds generally germinate or die within one to five years are called ''short-term'' persistent. A typical long-term persistent species is ''Chenopodium album'' (Lambsquarters); its seeds commonly remain viable in the soil for up to 40 years and in rare situations perhaps as long as 1,600 years.〔( Iowa State University: College of Agriculture and Life Science: Lambsquarters )〕 A species forming no soil seed bank at all (except the dry season between ripening and the first autumnal rains) is ''Agrostemma githago'' (Corncockle), which is a formerly widespread cereal weed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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